Cosmological+and+Social+Duality

**Cosmological and Social Duality**
In regards to the Ancient Andes, Stone-Miller directly states that “dualistic, complementary relationships seem to pervade the art, politics, and religion of this area” (Stone-Miller 1995:10). The easiest identification of the [|dualistic] idea is within the art of the Ancient Andeans. Often seen are depictions of opposing forces, such as that of male and female, coming together to create one (Stone-Miller 1995:36). The most famous representation of this is found on the [|Tello Obelisk] (Figure 4) , which is believed to come from The Old Temple of Chavín (Stone-Miller 1995:35-36). On one side there is a clear depiction of a male caiman, representing all life of the water, while the other side is a clear depiction of a female caiman associating with all life of the sky (Stone-Miller 1995:36). This is clearly bringing not only the opposing forces of male and female together but also that of the water and the sky, creating one large symbol (Stone-Miller 1995:36).  This dualistic theme is also very prominent in Ancient Andean architecture, but it brings with it a different idea of the dualistic theme. U- shaped architecture (Figure 5) is an early Andean theme first found at the site of [|El Paraiso]  (Moseley 2001:129). It is proposed to be “the first phase of a long tradition of U- shaped civic- ceremonial centers that subsequently dominated the inland valley bottoms” (Moseley 2001:129). Many have interpreted the U- shaped architecture as bringing two cosmological forces together so that they meet at the central or “mediator” building (Stone-Miller 1995:24). This idea comes from the fact that the two arms that make up the U- shaped form are not identical but are always different in the slightest of ways, as is seen in the dualistic art (Stone-Miller 1995:24-25). The idea associated with this dualism, though, is no longer the cosmological duality that the society wishes to portray, but that of the social duality found between [|moieties]  (Stone-Miller 1995: 24). Stone-Miller justifies the latter statement in the idea that, “These uneven halves may well signal the presence of the moiety system at this early date. The subdivided group could array itself along opposite mounds and representatives, or finally priests, proceed to the more rarified portions of the complex, the message of the building being that religious intervention mediated social distinctions. Thus, dual symbolism of cohesion and constriction were successfully proclaimed in this arrangement of exterior and interior space” (Stone-Miller 1995:24-25).  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">These architectural buildings were in essence built to bring the dualism of the cosmos and the dualism of society together to create one. Archaeologically, social dualism is presented in other architectural forms across the Andes. As studied by Peruvian Archaeologists Netherly and Dillehay, the pairing of different sites and the “mirror imaging” of “separate architectural zones” are in reflection of social dualism (Moore 1995: 168). Moore notes in his article, "<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The Archaeology of Dual Organization in Andean South America: A Theoretical Review and Case Study" that, “dual organization may be reflected by paired mounts at Rio Seco, La Galgada and Kotosh… paired cloisters of Lupaqa dwellings, [and] villages subdivided into 2 sections or pairs of villages in Jauja” (Moore 1995:168). This may suggest a social duality of a shared ruling among the people, maybe between different moieties (Moore 1995:168). This indeed presents the idea that social dualism is not an isolated archaeological phenomenon somewhere in the Ancient Andeans, but an idea that is seen spread throughout the Andes.

Through all of this, tension must escape from opposing ideas coming together, and the only way possible is seen ethnographically and archaeology through <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: blue; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Tinku <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.