Duality+of+Conflict

 // Connection //

 Although, the idea of tinku is greatly seen both in a social and religious context, this topic has created a debate amongst Andean archaeologists and anthropologist. The debate is whether the idea of tinku is ethnocentric. Arkush and Stanish strongly declare that “to deny the most likely explanation for massive walls in the Andes on the bases of Andeans’ supposedly more spiritual nature is to deny their participation in human universalities and to reduce them to a pasteboard tourist image of mysterious mountain peaks, panpipes, and condors” (Arkush and Stanish 2005:16). Although this is an effective statement, one can see its ethnocentricity. The idea that Andeans //have// to conform to the “universalities” of humankind, in evolving stages, for which Stanish is an ardent fighter, leaves out the idea that Andeans could possibly find another route in which to express their own culture (Arkush and Stanish 2005; Stanish 2001). Even though Ghezzi, is one to believe more in the [|warring nature] of Andeans, he interprets the site of Chankillo as a site of which the religious center of the site is the purpose (Ghezzi 2006). This shows that although tinku is represented in a distinct way in modern times, it could have been acted out differently in the past, though many like Arkush and Stanish would disagree.  Unquestionably, when looking at both Cerro Sechin and Chankillo, one immediately sees what happens when two opposing ideas collide, creating dualistic conflict. The ideas of tinku and religious war, though drastically different, come together in the dualistic idea. The murals in the Temple of Pillars and the U- shaped form found at Chankillo and the mural of warring figures found at Cerro Sechin show that opposing ideas were prominent not only socially but religiously as well. Defending one’s god against another god, warring against someone because of their differences, trying to ensure one’s moiety receives the better harvest over another’s, releasing tension between groups whether because of social or religious reasons, all of these are characteristics of dualism in conflict. The scale of the conflict and the reasons may be different, but the same theme exists: the coming together of two different ideas or peoples, tinku. This dualistic idea surrounded the Ancient Andean life as can be seen in the Casma Valley during two different time periods, but the idea is still very much the same. Just as the sun does not give up a fight during sunset, turning to twilight and then eventually to the opposing force of night, neither do the opposing moieties and religious ideas of the Andeans in the Casma Valley.

REFERENCES CITED Arkush, Elizabeth, and Charles Stanish 2005 Interpreting Conflict in the Ancient Andes: Implications for the Archaeology of Warfare. //Current anthropology// 46(1):3-28.

Bruhns, Karen O. 1994 //Ancient South America.// Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England ; New York.

Ghezzi, Ivan 2006 Religious warfare at Chankillo. //Andean archaeology Vol.// 3:67-84.

Gluckman, Max 1956 The Licence in Ritual. In // Anthropological theory: An introductory history // edited by McGee and Warms. Mountain Edition. New York: MrGraw-Hill Hill, Erica 2004 Battles of Cerro Sechín. //Archaeology// 57(1):36-39.

Moore, Jerry D. 1995 The Archaeology of Dual Organization in Andean South America: A Theoretical Review and Case Study. //Latin American Antiquity// 6(2):165-181.

Moore, Jerry D. 1996 //Architecture and power in the ancient Andes : the archaeology of public buildings.// Cambridge University Press, Cambridge ; New York, NY, USA.

Moseley, Michael E. 2001 //The Incas and their ancestors : the archaeology of Peru.// Rev ed. Thames & Hudson, London ; New York.

Pozorski, Shelia G., Inc NetLibrary, and Thomas G. Pozorski 1987 //Early settlement and subsistence in the Casma Valley, Peru [electronic resource].// 1st ed. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.  Stanish, C. (2001). The origin of state societies in south america. //Annual Review of Anthropology, 30//, 41-64 Stone Miller, Rebecca 1995 //Art of the Andes : from Chavín to Inca.// Thames & Hudson, London.